Stefan Pfenninger-Lee

I am an Associate Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management at TU Delft. My research focuses on understanding the technical, economic, environmental, and political trade-offs between different possible ways to build a 100% clean and renewable energy system.

You can reach me by email. Are you a student interested in working with me? See the group page.

Spotlight: Understandable modelling with modular building blocks

Energy system models are assumption-based representations of complex systems, making validation impractical. Post-normal science suggests instead a focus on communicating values and uncertainties. Open energy modelling can support this by breaking models into manageable parts. Collaboration on these components (whether code or data) would simplify and accelerate model development, while improving accessibility and understandability for users. → Pfenninger (2024), Progress in Energy.


Recent publications

  • Optimising for the Long Game: Methodological Challenges in Energy System Optimisation Pathways. Ivan Ruiz Manuel, Meijun Chen, Francesco Lombardi, Stefan Pfenninger-Lee. (2026). Applied Energy. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127980
  • Accounting for Economic Disparity in Designing Net-Zero European Energy Systems. Meijun Chen, Francesco Sanvito, Jan Kwakkel, Stefan Pfenninger-Lee. (2026). Environmental Research: Energy. doi: 10.1088/2753-3751/ae6b8f
  • PV Power Modelling Using Solar Radiation from Ground-Based Measurements and CAMS: Assessing the Diffuse Component Related Uncertainties Leveraging the Global Solar Energy Estimator (GSEE). Nikolaos Papadimitriou, Ilias Fountoulakis, Antonis Gkikas, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Andreas Kazantzidis, Stelios Kazadzis, Stefan Pfenninger, John Kapsomenakis, Kostas Eleftheratos, Athanassios A. Argiriou, Lionel Doppler, Christos S. Zerefos. (2026). Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. doi: 10.5194/amt-19-1227-2026

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